Past Simple: Used for finished actions at a specific, stated, or implied time in the past (e.g., I visited Paris in 2019.).

Present Perfect: Used for actions at an unspecified time in the past or actions with a result in the present (e.g., I have lost my keys.).

Time Expressions: Past Simple uses finished time words (yesterday, last week, ...ago). Present Perfect uses unfinished time words (today, this week) or words connecting to the present (for, since, already, yet).

Form: Subject + have/has been + verb-ing (e.g., I have been working all day.).

For Unfinished Actions: Describes the duration of an action, often with for and since (e.g., She has been studying for three hours.).

For Present Results: Explains a current situation by referencing a recent, continuous activity (e.g., The ground is wet because it has been raining.).

Form: Subject + had + Past Participle (e.g., He had finished his work.).

Purpose: To show the order of two past events, clarifying which one happened first (the "earlier past").

Signal Words: Often used with expressions like by the time, already, after, or before (e.g., By the time I arrived, the train had already left.).

Future Continuous (will be + verb-ing): Describes an action that will be in progress at a future moment (e.g., This time next week, I'll be relaxing on a beach.).

Future Perfect (will have + Past Participle): Describes an action that will be completed before a future moment (e.g., By 2030, she will have finished her PhD.).

Time Markers: Use specific future time markers to anchor the sentence (e.g., at 8 PM tomorrow, by the end of the year).

Form: If + Simple Past, ...would + base verb.

Use: To imagine a different present reality (If I had more money...) or to give advice (If I were you, I would apologize.).

The Verb 'be': Using were for all subjects (I, he, she, it) in the if-clause is common and correct for expressing the hypothetical nature.

Positive Form: Subject + used to + base verb (e.g., I used to live in London.).

Negative Form: Subject + didn't use to + base verb (e.g., I didn't use to like vegetables.).

Question Form: Did + subject + use to + base verb? (e.g., Did you use to play the piano?).

Gerunds (-ing): Use after prepositions (interested in learning), as the subject of a sentence (Swimming is fun), and after common verbs like enjoy, finish, avoid, and suggest.

Infinitives (to + verb): Use after many adjectives (it's important to learn) and after common verbs like want, decide, hope, plan, and offer.

Basic Rule: The choice of gerund or infinitive depends on the word that comes before it.

Core Structure: The correct form of the verb to be + Past Participle.

Present Simple Passive: am/is/are + Past Participle (e.g., English is spoken here.).

Past Simple Passive: was/were + Past Participle (e.g., The window was broken last night.).

Purpose: The information is necessary to understand the sentence. No commas are used.

Pronouns: Use who for people, which for things, and that for either. Use whose for possession.

Omitting the Pronoun: The pronoun (who, which, that) can be omitted if it is the object of the clause (e.g., The book I'm reading is interesting.).

Definition: A verb combined with a particle (adverb or preposition) that creates a new meaning (e.g., look up a word).

Separable: The object can go between the verb and the particle (e.g., turn the light on / turn on the light). If the object is a pronoun, it must go in the middle (turn it on).

Inseparable: The object must always come after the particle (e.g., look after the baby).